The 250 Greatest Guitarists of All Time

Mississippi-born singer-guitarist Elmore James had one immortal lick: the staccato-and-downhill slide riff in his 1951 adaptation of Robert Johnson’s “I Believe I’ll Dust My Broom.” “But it was a great lick,” said slide guitarist Derek Trucks. “There was something unleashed in his playing, that acoustic guitar with the electric pickup. When he’s singing, you hear his voice through the electric pickup.” James also scored with sizzling variations of that lick in “Shake Your Moneymaker” and “Stranger Blues,” which became blues-boom standards following his death in 1963. James’ tone inspired a generation of guitarists: “I practiced 12 hours a day, every day, until my fingers were bleeding, trying to get the same sound as Elmore James got,” Robbie Robertson said. “Then somebody told me that he plays with a slide.” —R.T.Key Tracks:“Dust My Broom,” “The Sky Is Crying”

“I often think back to that time when I first got a guitar, when I was 16 or 17,” Polly Jean Harvey told The New Yorker earlier this year. “Prior to that, I’d written lots of words. When I saw that I could put words together with music, I remember it feeling like gates opening, this joy.” That thrill of creation was apparent on PJ Harvey’s game-changing early records like Dry and Rid of Me, on which she wielded her guitar like a jagged weapon; three decades later her playing has become more fluid, yet no less viscerally felt, with her teasing new sounds out of the instrument. “I really don’t have any interest in just doing something I’ve done before,” she said. “What excites me is uncovering something I feel like I haven’t heard anywhere.” —M.J.Key Tracks: “Missed,” “Autumn Term”

The late Curtis Mayfield was one of American soul’s finest singers, songwriters, and producers. He was also a quietly influential guitarist whose gently fluid melodies and fills, running through records like the Impressions’ “Gypsy Woman,” left a deep impact on Jimi Hendrix, especially in his psychedelic balladry. “In the Sixties, every guitar player wanted to play like Curtis,” George Clinton affirmed. Mayfield went on to reinvent his playing for a solo career in the Seventies, building his new music around the flickering funk rhythms and spare, gestural, wah-wah-inflected lead parts heard on his Superfly soundtrack and hits like “Move on Up.” His liquid chord sequences were difficult for other musicians to imitate, in part because Mayfield played almost exclusively in an open F-sharp tuning. “Being self-taught, I never changed it,” he said. “It used to make me proud because no matter how good a guitarist was, when he grabbed my ax, he couldn’t play it.” —D.W.Key Tracks:“Gypsy Woman,” “Move on Up,” “Freddie’s Dead”

As a teenage guitarist in the Seventies, The Edge studied everything from punk and new wave to funk, blues, and R&B. He merged all of his influences into one on U2’s early work, utilizing delay, echo, and reverb to create a sound completely his own. “I’m not a theoretical musician or a theoretical writer,” he told Rolling Stone in 2016. “I’m a hands-on guy who pursues music in a naïve way. I just love when I’m carried away by the sounds that are happening. And I draw inspiration so much from sonics, I’m a much better guitar player when shit is sounding good.” Edge perfected his sound on The Joshua Tree, then practically started over again in the Nineties by incorporating heavy krautrock and club influences into his work. “There are few guitarists who can identify themselves with chords alone,” said Joe Bonamassa. “The Edge can — with a single strum and inflection.” —A.G.Key Tracks: “Sunday Bloody Sunday,” “Where the Streets Have No Name”

“When I was learning how to play guitar, I was obsessed with that album,” Phish’s Trey Anastasio said in 2005 of Frank Zappa’s 1981 collection of intricate and blistering solos, Shut Up ‘n’ Play Yer Guitar. “Every boundary that was possible on the guitar was examined by him in ways that other people didn’t.” As the absolute boss of his bands, including the legendary lineups of the Mothers of Invention, Zappa fused doo-wop, urban blues, big-band jazz, and orchestral modernism with an iron hand. As a guitarist, he drew from all of those sources, then improvised with a furious and genuine delight. His soloing on “Willie the Pimp,” on 1969’s Hot Rats, is an extended studio party of greasy distortion, chomping wah-wah, and agitated blues slaloms. —D.F.Key Tracks: “Willie the Pimp,” “In-a-Gadda-Stravinsky”

Peter Buck has called Steve Cropper “probably my favorite guitarist of all time. You can’t think of a time when he really ripped off a hot solo, but he just plays perfectly.” Cropper has been the secret ingredient in some of the greatest rock and soul songs: As a teenager, he had his first hit (“Last Night”) with the Mar-Keys; he went on to spend most of the Sixties in Booker T. and the MG’s, the Stax Records house band that played on hits by Carla Thomas, Otis Redding, and Wilson Pickett. Since then, his spare, soulful playing has appeared on records by dozens of rock and R&B artists, including a stint in the Blues Brothers’ band. Think of the introduction to Sam and Dave’s “Soul Man,” the explosive bent notes in Booker T.’s “Green Onions,” or the filigreed guitar fills in Redding’s “(Sittin’ on) The Dock of the Bay” — they all bear Cropper’s signature sound, the quintessence of soul guitar. “I don’t care about being center stage,” says Cropper. “I’m a band member, always been a band member.” —D.W.Key Tracks:“(Sittin’ on) The Dock of the Bay,” “Green Onions,” “Soul Man”

The father of punk-rock guitar and a huge influence on riff-driven modern metal, Johnny Ramone is one of the instrument’s great anti-heroes. John Cummings made his name with an inexpensive Mosrite guitar, on which he hammered out high-speed downstroked barre chords in a slashing, minimalist style that appropriately became known as “buzzsaw.” A pure rhythm engine, Ramone almost never played a solo, but his playing had the headlong surge of an oncoming subway train. In an era when “heavy” was synonymous with “slow,” the primitive, metronomic swing of his riffs on “Blitzkrieg Bop” and “Judy Is a Punk” and the trampoline-pop grind of “Rockaway Beach” showed you could speed things up without losing an ounce of power (somewhat surprisingly, his own guitar hero was Jimmy Page). “Johnny was the first guitar player I ever saw play like he was really mad,” testified Henry Rollins. “And I was like, ‘Damn. That’s cool.’” —W.H.Key Tracks:“Blitzkrieg Bop,” “Judy Is a Punk,” “Rockaway Beach”

​​From the chunka-chunka outburst before the “Creep” chorus to the high-frequency squeal in the “Just” solo, Jonny Greenwood showed early that he was interested in doing freaky things with his instrument. He played so aggressively back then that he had to wear a wrist brace, but he quickly grew bored. “Guitar’s not really important to me,” he told Guitar magazine in 1997. (Imagine saying that the same year you recorded “Paranoid Android.“) Still, even as he blossomed into a noted neo-classical composer, Greenwood always made sure to throw in at least one brain-scrambling banger of a guitar part per album. By his side was Ed O’Brien, possibly the most underrated guitarist in rock. Look at any Radiohead performance and you’ll see him there, adding subtle textures that enhance each song and keeping the band grounded with his cheerful, up-for-anything vibe. You might not be able to name his best solo, but it’s impossible to imagine Radiohead without him. —S.V.L.Key Tracks: “Creep,” “Paranoid Android,” “I Might Be Wrong”

In the Eighties, Living Colour served as a necessary reminder that Black musicians could rock as hard as anyone, fact that was especially salient when the band became MTV stars. Just as importantly, Vernon Reid, as the band’s lead shredder, proved that a guitarist who came of age with jazz, fusion, and funk could inject all those influences into searing hard rock. Reid first got attention during the early-Eighties playing with avant-garde drummer Ronald Shannon Jackson’s band. His monster riffing on Living Colour’s “Cult of Personality” shows only one side of Reid’s versatility, which includes the speed-metal freakout in on “Times Up” and insane shredding on cuts like “Funny Vibe.” No wonder everyone from Mick Jagger to John Zorn has recruited him. As heard on Living Colour’s most recent album, 2017’s Shade, Reid still has a mighty arsenal of effects and sounds at his disposal. —D.B.Key Tracks: “Cult of Personality,” “Pride,” “Funny Vibe”

“It’s the mother of riffs,” said guitarist Johnny Marr: the “Bo Diddley beat,” introduced by the Chicago guitarist born Ellas Otha Bates, a.k.a. Diddley. Driven by his tremoloed guitar, songs such as “Mona” and “Bo Diddley” unleashed a superpowered version of a West African groove that was handed down by slaves. After Diddley, the riff would be hijacked by everyone from Buddy Holly to the Rolling Stones (who covered “Mona” in 1964), and, later, garage rockers and punks, who responded to its raw simplicity. “Anybody who picked up the guitar could do it,” says Dan Auerbach of the Black Keys. “If you could keep a beat, you could play Bo Diddley.” “His style was outrageous,” Keith Richards said; it suggested “that the kind of music we loved didn’t just come from Mississippi. It was coming from somewhere else.” —R.T.Key Tracks:“Bo Diddley,” “Road Runner,” “Who Do You Love?”

John Fahey, who died in 2001 at age 61, was American folk guitar’s master eccentric, a dazzling fingerpicker who transformed traditional blues forms with the advanced harmonies of modern classical music, then mined that beauty with a prankster’s wit. “His music speaks of a boundless freedom,” said ex-Captain Beefheart guitarist Gary Lucas. Fahey recorded classic albums like 1965’s The Transfiguration of Blind Joe Death and 1968’s The Voice of the Turtle for his own Takoma label, and was also an accomplished musicologist and scholar. In the Nineties, Fahey switched to a spiky minimalism on electric guitar that made him a post-punk icon. “To be validated by John Fahey,” said Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth, “was really special for our scene.” —W.H.Key Tracks:“Poor Boy,” “The Yellow Princess”

As a record executive and producer in the Sixties, Chet Atkins invented the popwise “Nashville sound” that rescued country music from a commercial slump. As a guitarist, he was even more inventive, mastering country, jazz, and classical styles and perfecting the ability to play chords and melody simultaneously, thanks to his distinctive thumb-and-three-finger picking style. “A lot of it was trial and error,” Atkins told Rolling Stone in 1976. “I just had a damn guitar in my hands 16 hours a day, and I experimented all the time.” Atkins could be laid-back and restrained (as heard on iconic recordings like Hank Williams’ “Your Cheatin’ Heart,” Elvis Presley’s “Heartbreak Hotel,” and several of the Everly Brothers’ early hits). But his own instrumental-heavy solo albums are an endless bag of guitar tricks, mixing harmonics, arpeggios, and pure notes with a brilliantly clear tone. “I think he influenced everybody who picked up a guitar,” said Duane Eddy. —R.T.Key Tracks:“Your Cheatin’ Heart,” “Wake Up Little Susie”

“Thunderstruck,” AC/DC’s 1990 single, sounds like the middle of a Venn diagram with Mozart on one side and John Lee Hooker on the other. Angus Young plays the lightning-flickering classical ostinato, while his brother, Malcolm, commands foundation-shaking blues riffs that provide a solid surface for AC/DC’s inimitable combustion. The pairing of Angus’ rowdiness and Malcolm’s blue-collar reliability propelled the band to fame just as much as singers Bon Scott and Brian Johnson’s randy double-entendres. For every shit-kicking “Highway to Hell” or “Back in Black” riff that Malcolm held down, Angus, a five-foot-two problem child who dressed like a schoolboy and mooned the audience, would play the type of high-voltage solos that made him an instant guitar hero. And when they pair their powers, like on “Whole Lotta Rosie,” “If You Want Blood (You’ve Got It),” and “For Those About to Rock,” it creates a current totally their own. —K.G.Key Tracks: “Whole Lotta Rosie,” “Back in Black,” “Highway to Hell”

Pete Townshend didn’t invent power chords — guitar blasts pared down to just two notes, the root and the fifth — but he did help create modern guitar heroism by showing the world just how big they could sound. Case in point: the opening flourish of “Won’t Get Fooled Again,” a stack of A and E notes played on all six strings of his instrument. Townshend was one of the first players to find musical uses for amp feedback, and his emphasis on riffs and songwriting over solos (though his leads are underrated) made him the one Woodstock-era guitarist every punk loved. But Townshend’s playing went well beyond blunt force, as his sophisticated use of drone notes and chord inversions on “Substitute” and “Pinball Wizard” demonstrated. The Who were always heavier live than in the studios, and their Live at Leeds-era concerts had moments that pointed hard toward Zeppelin, heavy metal, punk, and the rest of the instrument’s future. —B.H.Key Tracks:“My Generation,” “I Can See for Miles,” “Summertime Blues”

Elizabeth Cotten’s unique guitar style and sound was a by-product of being self-taught. The North Carolinian, who once worked for the musical Seeger family, was left-handed but began learning on an instrument set up for a righty that she simply flipped over without re-stringing. This upside-down approach allowed her to develop a rhythmic technique that alternated finger- picked bass notes and thumbed melodies, as on her famed composition “Freight Train.” “It’s just my comfort, the way I’m doing everything, not what everyone else did,” she told the San Diego Reader in 1981. “I couldn’t do it the other way. I tried it the other way and I could hardly strum.” Rediscovered during the 1960s folk revival after decades of inactivity, Cotten was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an Early Influence in 2022.–J.F.Key Tracks: “Freight Train,” “Going Down the Road Feeling Bad”

Since starting his career on the British blues-rock scene during the 1960s, Clapton had a unique gift for melody that made his solos just as catchy as the songs they adorned. He was always a diligent student of the blues, from Robert Johnson and Muddy Waters to Albert King and Otis Rush, and even cut an album of (mostly) pre-electric repertoire with Wynton Marsalis. But his most memorable recordings were born of real-life tragedy, from “Layla,” inspired by stealing the wife (Patti Boyd) of his best friend (George Harrison); to “Tears in Heaven,” a lament for the infant son who fell to his death from an apartment window. These days, nobody really considers Clapton god (his COVID comments clearly rule out any chance of being all-knowing), but that doesn’t stop guitarists from worshipping his playing. —J.D.C.Key Tracks:“Bell Bottom Blues,” “Crossroads,” “White Room”

Jerry Garcia was a folk and bluegrass obsessive who started playing guitar at 15. Those roots, plus a lifelong love of Chuck Berry, fueled his astral experiments with the Grateful Dead. As Carlos Santana said,“He played blues but mixed it with bluegrass and Ravi Shankar. He had country and Spanish in there.” Garcia made every Dead show a different trip, never playing the same lick twice, which is why his psychedelic live jams stand up to endless listens. “I think of notes as objects that have perspective,” he once told Rolling Stone. “They have the front part of them and the back part of them, the attack and the release. To me, it’s very visual. If I had the time, I would illustrate all my solos.” Aug. 27, 1972, is one of the great days in the history of the guitar: Garcia levitates in a field full of sun-fried hippies in Veneta, Oregon. He died in 1995, but his guitar still shines like a headlight on a northbound train. —R.S.Key Tracks: “Dark Star” (2/27/69), “Bird Song” (8/27/72), “Morning Dew” (5/8/77)

Probably the only guitarist to get a degree in astrophysics, Queen‘s lead guitarist (and frequent songwriter) is a brainy adventurer who’s always seeking new effects. An early goal of his was “to be the first to put proper three-part [guitar] harmonies onto a record” – like the orchestrated squeals of his solo in “Killer Queen.” Brian May layered dozens of guitar parts onto individual tracks, building palatial walls of sound. Appropriately, even his instrument sprang from his imagination: His main guitar, the Red Special, a.k.a. the Old Lady, is a homemade wonder, constructed by May and his father in the early Sixties out of components including wood from a fireplace (he has been known to play it with a sixpence coin rather than a pick). It’s yielded everything from the pirouetting, trebly solo in “Bohemian Rhapsody” to the proto-metal riffing of “Stone Cold Crazy.” “I can listen to any player and pantomime their sound,” Steve Vai said, “but I can’t do Brian May. He’s just walking on higher ground.” —D.W.Key Tracks:“Keep Yourself Alive,” “Brighton Rock”

When the White Stripes started building their hipster rep with albums like 2000’s De Stijl, big guitar rock was dominated by the overly processed grotesquery of nu metal and dull plod of second-gen grunge. That all changed when the joyfully primitive garage-blues charge of “Fell in Love With a Girl” made the Stripes stars. Jack White gave us the most recognizable rock riff of the 21st century with the thick, low-end stomp of “Seven Nation Army,” but over the years he’s refused to rest on old glories, becoming a lovably cantankerous sonic quester — from the stoner funk and hippie folk on his 2012 solo album Blunderbuss to the almost comically over-the-top, fuzz-toned drones on 2022’s Fear of the Dawn. For White, every time he picks up a guitar, there’s a new challenge. “When I play a solo, it’s an attack — this is a fight, this is a struggle,” White told Rolling Stone in 2014. “I don’t care about virtuoso notes. If you stop me in the middle of a solo, I can’t say, ‘That’s an F-sharp, that’s a C.’” —J.D.Key Tracks:“Seven Nation Army,” “Ball and Biscuit”

With the Beatles, George Harrison took the instrument into new territory, innovating and expanding with each record. He didn’t just create the role of a lead guitarist in a rock band. He defined the guitar’s place at the heart of pop music. Back in Liverpool, England, he was the younger kid who bluffed his way into the Beatles by studying his chords and outplaying the others. He took off from his boyhood rockabilly heroes like Carl Perkins, as in his crazed Cavern Club solo on “I Saw Her Standing There.” But he kept experimenting with the Indian-inspired drones of Rubber Soul, the psychedelia of Revolver, the elegance of Abbey Road, never wasting a note. “Everyone else has played all the other bullshit,” Harrison said. “I just play what’s left.” Yet he did his deepest playing after the Beatles, with his cosmic slide on All Things Must Pass and Living in the Material World. As his friend Tom Petty said, “It really sounded like a voice, like a very distinct, signature voice that came out of him.” —R.S.Key Tracks: “Something,” “Let It Be,” “Give Me Love”

Long before he became a successful solo act, Neil Young fine-tuned his guitar skills in the Squires, the Mynah Birds, and ultimately Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young. By the time Harvest came around, he was equally adept on electric and acoustic, toggling between gentle, folk tunes like “The Needle and the Damage Done” and wild, proto grunge songs like “Down by the River” in a single evening. “If I was ever going to teach a master class to young guitarists, the first thing I would play them is the first minute of Neil Young’s original ‘Down by the River’ solo,” said Trey Anastasio. Some guitar purists have dismissed his work as “primitive” since some of his most famous solos are literally one note repeated multiple times. But they’re missing the point of his work completely. “Nobody cares if you know how to play scales,” Young said in 1992. “Nobody gives a shit if you have good technique or not. It’s whether you have feelings that you want to express with music, that’s what counts, really.” —A.G.Key Tracks: “Cowgirl in the Sand,” “Powderfinger,” “Rockin’ in the Free World”

Legend has it that “Maggot Brain,” the 10-minute guitar solo that turned the late Eddie Hazel into an instant guitar legend, was envisioned during an acid trip when Funkadelic bandleader George Clinton told him to imagine hearing that his mother just died — and then learning that she was, in fact, alive. “I knew immediately that he understood what I meant,” Clinton wrote in his memoir. “I could see the guitar notes stretching out like a silver web. When he played the solo back, I knew that it was good beyond good, not only a virtuoso display of musicianship but also an almost unprecedented moment of emotion in pop music.” Hazel’s other work with P-Funk and on his own was a thrilling mix of groove power and psychedelic soaring. But it was “Maggot Brain” that most inspired guitarists who followed, including Nels Cline, J. Mascis, Warren Haynes, and Mike McCready, all of whom have played the song live, channeling the spirit of a profoundly gifted soul. —W.H.Key Tracks:“Maggot Brain,” “Funky Dollar Bill”

As a producer and songwriter, Pink Floyd’s David Gilmour is drawn to floating, dreamy textures, but when he picks up his black Stratocaster to play a solo, an entirely different sensibility takes over: “I wanted a bright, powerful lead guitar tone that would basically rip your face off,” he says. He was a fiery, blues-based soloist in a band that hardly ever played the blues — his sprawling, elegant, relentlessly melodic solos were as bracing a wake-up call as those alarm clocks on The Dark Side of the Moon. But Gilmour was also adept at droning avant-garde improv, as seen in Floyd’s Live at Pompeii days, and could be an unexpectedly funky rhythm guitarist, from the slinky riff to “Have a Cigar” to the Chic-like flourishes on “Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2.” His pioneering use of echo and other effects — initially inspired by original Floyd guitarist Syd Barrett — culminated with his precision use of delay on “Run Like Hell,” which directly anticipates the Edge’s signature sound.Key Tracks:“Comfortably Numb,” “Shine on You Crazy Diamond”

Buddy Guy got used to people calling his guitar style a bunch of noise — from his family back in rural Louisiana, who chased him out of the house for making a racket, to Chess Records heads Phil and Leonard Chess, who, he says, “wouldn’t let me get loose like I wanted” on sessions with Muddy Waters, Howlin’ Wolf, and Little Walter. But as a new generation of rockers discovered the blues, Guy’s fretwork became a major influence on titans from Jimi Hendrix to Jimmy Page. Guy’s flamboyant playing — huge bends, prominent distortion, frenetic licks — on such classics as “Stone Crazy” and “First Time I Met the Blues,” and his collaborations with the late harp master Junior Wells, raised the standard for six-string fury. His showmanship, complete with mid-solo strolls through the audience, remains electrifying at age 87. “He was for me what Elvis was probably like for other people,” said Eric Clapton at Guy’s Rock & Roll Hall of Fame induction in 2005. “My course was set, and he was my pilot.” —A.L.Key Tracks:“Stone Crazy,” “First Time I Met the Blues”

Annie Clark — a.k.a. St. Vincent — creates complex and atmospheric music that isn’t inherently guitar-centric yet profoundly imprinted by her innovative approach to the instrument. Though educated at the Berkelee School of Music and heavily influenced by such dexterous players as Robert Fripp, Adrian Belew, and Marc Ribot, the Grammy-winning artist layers her recordings with arresting guitar tones, colors, voicings, harmonies, and effects rather than treating the compositions as a showcase for her considerable six-string chops. “I don’t approach guitar like an ego thing — like, ‘I’m going to play faster than somebody else,’” Clark explained to Premier Guitar in 2011. “I’m not that interested in that athletic aspect. That’s the difference between being an athlete and being an artist, and it’s great when those things can combine. That’s the ideal — to make something that’s musically viable also emotionally compelling. That’s the happy medium.” —D.E.Key Tracks: “Rattlesnake,” “Cruel,” “Masseduction”

The Red Hot Chili Peppers have never been easy to pin down musically, and for that one can largely thank Frusciante, the son of a Juilliard pianist. The band’s wild-eyed original guitarist, the late Hillel Slovak, was a hard act to follow, but Frusciante — who is now in his third tenure with the band — played a major role in dragging the Chili Peppers out of the white-funk ghetto and into musical worlds all their own. Always playing in service to the song, Frusciante gave the Chili Peppers a breadth they hadn’t had before: consider the headbanger riffing beneath their cover of Stevie Wonder’s “Higher Ground,” the sensitive strumming in “Under the Bridge” and “Scar Tissue,” the metallic funk sleaze on “Give It Away,” the moody strumming on “Beneath the Girl,” and the volcanic, Hendrixian solo on “Dani California.” That eclectic palette lent Chili Peppers albums like Californication and Blood Sugar Sex Magik a remarkable variety — and made Frusciante one of the most influential and vital guitarists of the alt-rock era. —D.B.Key Tracks:“Dani California,” “Under the Bridge”

James Burton’s trademark “chicken pickin’” style — bright, crisp, and concise — is one of the unique sounds in country music, and a huge influence on rock guitar as well. Burton got his start when he was 14, writing “Susie Q” for Dale Hawkins, and became a teenage star when he joined Ricky Nelson’s band in 1957. With Nelson, Burton created his distinct technique: He used a fingerpick and a flat pick, and he replaced the four highest strings on his Telecaster with banjo strings, so that his guitar snapped, popped, and stuttered. “I never bought a Ricky Nelson record,” Keith Richards said. “I bought a James Burton record.” In the late Sixties and Seventies, he convened Elvis Presley’s TCB band and became a go-to guy on country-minded records by Joni Mitchell and Gram Parsons. “He was just a mysterious guy: ‘Who is this guy and why is he on all these records I like?’” said Joe Walsh. “His technique was all important.” —A.L.Key Tracks:“Hello Mary Lou,””Susie Q,” “Believe What You Say”

Metallica burst into the world as speed demons, with singer–rhythm guitarist James Hetfield riffing away at whiplash-inducing paces, like Black Sabbath played at 78 rpm, and lead guitarist Kirk Hammett spray-painting notes anywhere he could. Hetfield and Hammett’s predecessor, Dave Mustaine (now a guitar hero himself in Megadeth), brainstormed techniques that allowed them to move their fingers as little as possible so they could play faster than anyone else, redefining metal on songs like “Phantom Lord” and “Jump in the Fire.” But by Metallica’s second album, when Hammett, a former student of Joe Satriani’s, started adding soulful melody to songs like “Fade to Black” and “The Call of Ktulu,” the band achieved something unique. That duality of Hetfield’s bludgeoning fury and Hammett’s emotive, wah-wah–driven sensitivity came to define their biggest successes: “Enter Sandman,” “One,” “Master of Puppets” — songs that capture the band’s agony and ecstasy. —K.G.Key Tracks: “One,” “Fade to Black,” “Sad But True”

When Rolling Stone asked Albert King in 1968 who his guitar influences were, he replied, “Nobody. Everything I do is wrong.” A pioneer of electric blues, King (who was left-handed) played a right-handed 1959 Gibson Flying V upside down, with the bass strings unconventionally facing the floor. He used an indecipherable secret tuning, hitting notes with his thumb. The six-foot-four, 300-pound King was able to bend notes farther and more powerfully than almost any other guitarist, and his records influenced a generation: Eric Clapton lifted the “Strange Brew” solo from King, and Duane Allman turned the melody of King’s “As the Years Go Passing By” into the main riff of “Layla.” Jimi Hendrix was star-struck when his hero opened for him at the Fillmore in 1967. “I taught [Hendrix] a lesson about the blues,” said King. “I could have easily played his songs, but he couldn’t play mine.”Key Tracks:“Born Under a Bad Sign,” “As the Years Go Passing By”

Randy Rhoads’ career was far too short — he died in a plane accident in 1982, at the age of 25 — but his precise, architectural, hyperspeed solos on Ozzy Osbourne‘s “Crazy Train” and “Mr. Crowley” helped set the template for metal-guitar soloing for years to follow. “I practiced eight hours a day because of him,” Tom Morello has said, calling Rhoads “the greatest hard-rock/heavy-metal guitar player of all time.” Rhoads had co-founded Quiet Riot as a teenager, and joined Osbourne’s Blizzard of Ozz band in 1979 after a few years of working as a guitar teacher. According to legend, Rhoads would continue to take guitar lessons himself in different cities when he was on tour with Ozzy. By the time he recorded his final album, Osbourne’s Diary of a Madman, Rhoads was getting deeper into classical music, and even exploring jazz. He “was reaching deep into himself as a guitar player,” Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe said. “That was really the next step right there.” —D.W.Key Tracks:“Crazy Train,” “Mr. Crowley,” “Diary of a Madman”

In the early Eighties, MTV was on the rise, and blues guitar was miles away from music’s mainstream. But Texas’ Stevie Ray Vaughan demanded your attention. He had absorbed the styles of just about every great blues guitarist — plus Jimi Hendrix and a lot of jazz and rockabilly — and his monster tone, casual virtuosity, and impeccable sense of swing could make a blues shuffle like “Pride and Joy” hit as hard as metal. Vaughan was recognized as a peer by the likes of B.B. King and Eric Clapton, and despite his 1990 death in a helicopter crash, he’s still inspiring multiple generations of guitarists, from Pearl Jam’s Mike McCready to John Mayer to Gary Clark Jr. “Stevie was one of the reasons I wanted a Stratocaster — his tone, which I’ve never been able to get down, was just so big and bold and bright at the same time,” Clark said. “If you listen to his records and watch his videos, you can tell he’s just giving you everything he had. His passion is overwhelming.” —W.H.Key Tracks:“Love Struck Baby,” “Cold Shot”

In a 1985interview,Eric Claptoncited Freddy King’s 1961 B side “I Love the Woman” as “the first time I heard that electric lead-guitar style, with the bent notes … [it] started me on my path.” Clapton shared his love of King with fellow British guitar heroes Peter Green,Jeff Beck,and Mick Taylor, all of whom were profoundly influenced by King’s sharpened-treble tone and curt melodic hooks on iconic singles such as “The Stumble,” “I’m Tore Down,” and “Someday, After Awhile.” Nicknamed “The Texas Cannonball” for his imposing build and incendiary live shows, King had a unique guitar attack. “Steel on steel is an unforgettable sound,” says Derek Trucks, referring to King’s use of metal banjo picks. “But it’s gotta be in the right hands. The way he used it — man, you were going to hear that guitar.” Trucks can still hear King’s huge impact on Clapton. “When I played with Eric,” Trucks said recently, “there were times when he would take solos, and I would get that Freddy vibe.” —D.F.Key Tracks:“Hide Away,” “The Stumble”

With rare exception — Hendrix comes to mind, as always — rock guitars during the past 40 or 50 years have mostly sounded like rock guitars. Then came Rage Against the Machine and its six-string innovator. As much as Zack de la Rocha brazenly threw politics into the mix and our faces, Tom Morello did the same with his guitar and the audacious sounds he pulled out of it. That turntable scratching on “Bulls on Parade” from Evil Empire? Those aliens playing video games on “Killing in the Name” or that dive-bomber attack on “Fistful of Steel,” both from Rage’s 1992 debut? All Morello, with just his guitars, effects pedals, and imagination. Morello’s blend of gizmos and thunderous chords brought to mind heroes like the Stooges’ Ron Asheton (on Rage’s “Sleep Now in the Fire”), but Morello added an even more souped-up moxie to his playing. Ever since Rage disbanded as a studio band, Morello’s been comparatively restrained with his Nightwatchman and Street Sweeper Social Club projects, but his rage against guitar clichés has forever left its mark. —D.B.Key Tracks:“Guerrilla Radio,” “Killing in the Name”

Maybelle Carter did not invent her signature guitar style — known, eventually, to the world as “the Carter Scratch” — out of thin air: She fully credited the roots pioneer Lesley Riddle with teaching her the distinct finger-picking style. But she did, however, on the series of singles with the Carter Family, help popularize the style around the world on songs like “Will the Circle Be Unbroken,” “Wildwood Flower,” and “Bury Me Under the Weeping Willow.” Carter’s playing, which she began as a 13-year-old, transformed the guitar from simple rhythm strumming into an instrument that could play melody, rhythm, and bass simultaneously, making her “perhaps the most emulated guitar player of all time,” as singer-songwriter (and one of thousands of disciples) Courtney Marie Andrews said in 2019. “When I started playing, I didn’t have nobody to play with me,” she once explained, “so that’s how I developed this style.” —J.B.Key Tracks: “Wildwood Flower,” “Bury Me Under the Weeping Willow”

He was barely known for decades after his 1938 death. But the 29 songs Robert Johnson recorded in 1936 and 1937 — including classics such as “Cross Road Blues,” “Love in Vain,” and “Traveling Riverside Blues” — became holy writ to rock guitarists from Clapton to Dylan. They were dazzled by the way he could make a single guitar sound like a whole ensemble — picking, slide, and rhythm parts all chattering and yelping in dialogue with one another, riffs emerging from the mist and then receding. Cream, the Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin and the White Stripes all covered his songs, along with practically every other blues-inspired artist. In Chronicles, Bob Dylan remembers playing Johnson’s King of the Delta Blues Singers shortly after it was released: “From the first note the vibrations from the loudspeaker made my hair stand up. The stabbing sounds from the guitar could almost break a window.” —D.W.Key Tracks:“Ramblin’ on My Mind,” “Traveling Riverside Blues”

Keith Richards has always made playing guitar look easy. The power behind his greatest guitar riffs — “(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction,” “Start Me Up,” “Brown Sugar” — is the raw simplicity of his technique, the symmetry of the notes, and the ineffable and effortless way he makes it all swing. In the Sixties, his rock-solid playing buttressed Brian Jones’ madcap bursts of inspiration; whether Jones was playing slide guitar or marimba, Richards provided a swinging foundation on “Time Is on My Side,” “Paint It, Black,” and “Under My Thumb.” In the Seventies, when lead guitarist Mick Taylor joined, Richards provided lush grooves as backdrops — “Tumbling Dice,” “Can’t You Hear Me Knocking,” “Wild Horses.” On acoustic, he’s equally adept at blues (“Love in Vain”) and ballads (“Angie”). And ever since Ron Wood came into the fold, he has become one half of a musical yin yang, as he and Wood weave their guitar parts, drifting between riffs and solos. “[A great riff] just appears at your fingertips and is coming out of the instrument,” he told Rolling Stone in 2020. “And that is a great riff, totally unthought about, unstructured, no rules, no nothing. It’s just, one minute it ain’t there, and the next minute, there it is.” —K.G.Key Tracks:“(I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction,” “Gimme Shelter”

He played arguably the greatest power-ballad guitar solo in history (“Purple Rain”). He can funk it up like Jimmy Nolen and Nile Rodgers, or scream like Eddie Van Halen. Like Bo Diddley, he reimagined the shape of the guitar itself — first his yellow “cloud guitar” from the mid-Eighties, and later his crazily-phallic “symbol guitar,” sculpted like the icon he briefly adopted as his name. And while he got a lot of Jimi Hendrix comparisons, Prince saw things differently: “It’s only because he’s Black. That’s really the only thing we have in common,” he once told Rolling Stone. “If they really listened to my stuff, they’d hear more of a Santana influence than Jimi Hendrix. Hendrix played more blues, Santana played prettier.” He also has identified one little-known benefit to being a guitar god. “Playing electric guitar your whole life does something to you,” he says. “I’m convinced all that electricity racing through my body made me keep my hair.” —W.H.Key Tracks: “Purple Rain,” “When Doves Cry”

One of the principal pillars of heavy metal guitar, Black Sabbath co-founder Tony Iommi developed his deliciously doomy style as the result of an industrial accident that severed the middle and ring fingertips of his fretting hand. Though he was able to play again with the help of plastic finger caps, the homemade prosthetics forced him to use lighter gauge strings and dig into the neck harder for his chords and solos. Combined with massive Laney amplifiers distorted with the help of a specially modified Dallas Rangemaster treble booster, this out-of-necessity playing style created something unusually dark and menacing — and by tuning his guitars down several steps to facilitate easier bends, Iommi created the earth-shuddering template for countless metal guitarists to come. “In them days, you had tomakeyour sound,” Iommi told Guitar World in 2020. “You couldn’t buy a gadget that made whatever sound you wanted, you had to put the hard yards in and build a tone yourself. And I felt that was great, really, because you believe in it more when you’ve made it all yourself.” —D.E.Key Tracks: “Sabbath Bloody Sabbath,” “Symptom of the Universe”

Years before joining James Brown’s band, guitarist Jimmy Nolen developed a way around lame drummers: “I used to just try to play and keep my rhythm going as much like a drum as I possibly could,” he said. “It kind of keeps the drummer straight.” When Nolen got on board Brown’s group, in early 1965, his bright forward motion and Brown’s rhythmic combustion met like lovers in the movies. Real life was less romantic — Nolen died in 1983, and requested his widow importune Brown not to work his successors so hard — but no one can argue with the results. Beginning with the 1965 landmark “Papa’s Got a Brand New Bag” —the intro, with its rolling chord, belongs to the guitarist — and continuing for a triumphant half-decade on classics ranging from “Let Yourself Go” (another showcase for Nolen’s stop-start genius) to “Cold Sweat” to “Funky Drummer,” Nolen defined funk (and R&B) guitar: fearsomely choppy rhythm, precise, needling leads, both off to the sides and dead center of the action. —M.M.Key Tracks: James Brown’s “Papa’s Got a Brand New Bag” and “Cold Sweat”

Carlos Santana’s pioneering fusion of blues, jazz, and Latin music was introduced to the world with a show-stopping performance at Woodstock. It was just as powerful 30 years later, when Supernatural sold 15 million copies and won nine Grammys. For all that time, Santana simply remained his ultracool self, conjuring glorious melodies with one foot in the barrio and the other in some distant astral plane. “His music was something new, but it was intertwined with everything else that was out there at the time,” said Henry Garza of Los Lonely Boys. “He incorporated his culture into the music.” Like Miles Davis, B.B. King, and very few other musicians, Santana is the rare instrumentalist who can be identified in just one note. He says that he attempted to imitate his own heroes, especially jazzmen like Wes Montgomery and Grant Green, but “as hard as I tried, I couldn’t — I always sounded like me.” In turn, no one can replicate Santana’s exquisite, crystalline guitar tone, but his impact has truly been global. Prince, for one, has claimed him as a bigger influence than Jimi Hendrix, explaining simply that “Santana played prettier.” —A.L.Key Tracks:“Black Magic Woman,” “Oye Como Va,” “Soul Sacrifice”

Duane Allman didn’t live long — he was only 24 when he was killed in a 1971 motorcycle crash. But he crammed those years with several lifetimes’ worth of visionary guitar. With the Allman Brothers Band, he traveled all the dirt roads of American music: modal jazz, blues, country, psychedelic Southern juke-joint rock. As a Florida teen, he learned his Gibson Les Paul by playing along with his Robert Johnson and Chuck Berry records. He first made his name as a sideman, especially his Muscle Shoals soul sessions with Wilson Pickett and Aretha Franklin. But he started the ABB in 1969 with his little brother Gregg. The first time the musicians jammed together, Duane told them, “Anybody who doesn’t want to be in my band is going to have to fight his way out the door.”His ultimate statement: At Fillmore East, improvising under the spell of John Coltrane and Miles Davis, from the bottleneck blast of “Statesboro Blues” to the 19-minute jam “You Don’t Love Me.” But Duane also dropped by the Miami sessions for Derek and the Dominos’ Layla, started playing with Eric Clapton, and impulsively made history, especially his high-pitched slide shriek in the title song. His symbolic farewell was the two-minute down-home lullaby “Little Martha.” The notes of “Little Martha” are engraved on his tombstone. The road took Duane Allman too soon — but in his music, the road goes on forever. —R.S.Key Tracks: “Statesboro Blues,” “You Don’t Love Me,” “Whipping Post”

Joni Mitchell has reigned as rock’s ultimate acoustic guitarist for over 50 years, using alternate tunings to devise her own complex guitar language. “I wanted to play the guitar like an orchestra,” she told Rolling Stone in 1999. “I know I have a unique way of playing, but nobody seemed to notice. I found it kinda silly that they kept describing it as folk guitar when it was more like Duke Ellington.” After childhood polio weakened her left hand, she compensated by using over 50 different tunings. “I always thought of the top three strings as a horn section and the bottom three as a rhythm section.”Other musicians were in awe of her playing. “Am I a god?” she asked in Rolling Stone. “I’m a godette. I never had a guitar god.” The best place to hear her go off is the 1976 masterwork Hejira, with bassist Jaco Pastorius. As her chords grew too difficult for sidemen to follow, she just took over the electric leads herself — half of them on Hejira, nearly all on Don Juan’s Reckless Daughter and Mingus. In Martin Scorsese’s Rolling Thunder tour doc, she plays “Coyote” for Roger McGuinn and Bob Dylan — McGuinn goes over to stare at her hands up close, because he can’t believe these chords. “Something about those rich modal tunings she was using left a big impression on me,” said Sonic Youth’s Lee Ranaldo. “What Joni was doing was very mysterious.”—R.S.Key Tracks: “For the Roses,” “Coyote,” “Refuge of the Roads”

The “Ambassadorof the Blues” was such a beloved figure in American music, it’s easy to forget how revolutionary his guitar work was. As Buddy Guy said, “Before B.B., everyone played the guitar like it was an acoustic.” King made his famous Gibson “Lucille” weep like a real woman. From the opening notes of his 1951 breakthrough hit, “Three O’Clock Blues,” you can hear his innovative, fluid style. King’s string-bending and vibrato came from his idol T-Bone Walker, but he took it all somewhere new, changing how everyone else played. “Every electric guitarist you listen to, there’s a little bit of B.B. in there,” Guy said. “He was the father of squeezing the string on the electric guitar.”King grew up on a Mississippi Delta plantation, picking cotton and learning the country blues from his cousin Bukka White. He took off for Memphis in 1948, where he became a radio DJ and developed his eclectic blues style, with gospel fire and jazz finesse. His 1965Live at the Regalremains one of the hottest guitar showcases ever made. But King refused to slow down, touring hard into his late eighties, and held on to Lucille as the love of his life. “Lucille don’t want to play anything but the blues,” King said. “Lucille is real. When I play her, it’s almost like hearing words, and of course, naturally I hear cries.” —R.S.Key Tracks: “Every Day I Have The Blues,” “Sweet Sixteen,” “The Thrill Is Gone”

There’s “influential,” then there’s “massively influential,” then there’s Nile Rodgers. The story of pop music over the past 50 years is basically the story of Rodgers’ guitar. The manic-staccato funk jangle he invented with Chic, in Seventies disco hits like “Le Freak” and “Good Times” — that’s been the heartbeat of global pop ever since. His warp-speed guitar on the 1980 Diana Ross classic “I’m Coming Out” was still the toughest sound on the radio almost two decades later, when Biggie turned it into “Mo Money Mo Problems.” Now that’s staying power. He founded Chic with bass man Bernard Edwards, inspired by seeing Roxy Music in London. “When I first started, all I played was super heavy-duty rock & roll,” Rodgers told Rolling Stone in 1979. “To be Hendrix or Jimmy Page was success to me.” His unstoppably dynamic Strat powers the classics he made for Ross (“Upside Down”), Sister Sledge (“We Are Family”), David Bowie (“Let’s Dance”), Duran Duran (“Notorious”), and Daft Punk (“Get Lucky”). His riffs also helped start the hip-hop era — the Sugarhill Gang rhymed over “Good Times” for the first rap hit, “Rapper’s Delight.” His impact goes everywhere, both his jazzy chords and his mighty rhythms. He was the biggest influence on the Smiths — Johnny Marr always called Rodgers his hero. (He even named his son “Nile.”) But he’s a true innovator who never slows down, still making history with his guitar. —R.S.Key Tracks: “Le Freak,” “Good Times,” “I’m Coming Out”